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Usamah b. Zayd’s Expedition (11 AH)
Abu Bakr Siddiq RA honours the Prophet's final state order and sends out Usamah b. Zayd RA with the bulk of the elite Muslim army to fight against the Romans as retribution for the Battle of Muta. He does not keep them back to fight the rebellion. The news of the marching army quells many would-be rebels and foreign attacks. They return with success within 40-70 days.
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Battle of Dathin (12 AH)
Amr b. As RA heads the Muslims against Byzantine forces led by Sergius. The battle is fought in the village of Dathin (Wadi Arabah) near Gaza. Although small in scale, the battle was significant as it was the first victory of Muslims in Syria.
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Siege of Damascus (13 AH)
Damascus is besieged and liberated by Khalid b. Walid RA and Abu Ubaydah b. Jarrah RA. 17 Jum II - 20 Raj / 21 Aug - 19 Sept.
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Quds captured (16 AH)
After a four-month siege, the people accepted to surrender the city on the condition that Khalifah Umar RA himself comes. Umar RA arrives, signs the treaty and takes control of the city.
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Siege of Alexandria (19 AH)
Amr b. As RA lays siege and captures the port city of Alexandria. The Byzantine lose control of the Mediterranean.
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Battle of Sufetula (27 AH)
Gregory, the Byzantine exarch of Africa, confronted the Muslim forces led by Abdullah b. Saʿd in Sefetula (Byzacena Province, Africa). The Muslims won and this marked the end of Byzantine domination of Africa. The Berbers abandoned their allegiance to the Byzantines.
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Battle of the Masts (34 AH)
The Muslim navy led by Abu'l Aʿwar engaged the Byzantine Navy led by Emperor Constans II in the Port of Pheonix. This was the first decisive Muslim victory and marked a foothold of the Muslims in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Battle of Biskra (62 AH)
The christian Beber ruler, Kusayla (Caecilius), along with a Byzantine contingent ambush the Muslim forces led by Uqbah b. Nafi'. The Muslims were defeated and lost control of Ifrikiya (modern Tunisia) for awhile.
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Battle of Carthage (74 AH)
The Muslims took Carthage on 71 AH. The The Byzantine forces led by John the Patrician though a surprise naval attack captured Carthage from the Muslims 73 AH. The Muslim forces under Hassan b. Nu'man returned with a large army and took back the territory. This marked the end of Byzantine presence in North Africa.
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Battle of Manzikert (463 AH)
Seljuq Sultan Alp Arsalan decisively defeated and captured Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV at Manzikert. The Byzantine defeat would rattle Europe and would be one of the key catalysts which would lead to the Crusades.
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Constantinople captured (857 AH)
Sultan Muhammad Fatih laid siege on Constantinople (the Byzantine capital) for 53 days. He captured the city. This became the Ottoman capital. It marked the end of the Byzantines and a springboard for the Muslims to advance into Europe.
