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The final Prophet (53 BH – 11 AH)
The final prophet Allah, Muhammad b. Abdullah ﷺ delivered the message from Allah. He passed away at age 63.
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Abu Bakr Siddiq appointed khalifah
The Sahabi Abu Bakr Siddiq RA is selected as khalifah by the Muhajirun and Ansar present in Saqifah Banu Sa'idah. Then, the majority in Madinah unite on this decision.
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Arab tribes revolt
News reaches Madinah that many of the Arab tribes have revolted and are rejecting the central authority of Madinah. Many are refusing to send their zakat. The pretenders and false prophets such as Tulayhah, Musaylamah and Sajjah rally the rebels to them. The Khalifah Abu Bakr Siddiq declares war; commits to saving the Muslim union and crushing the apostate revolt. The riddah war begins.
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Aswad Anasi is killed
News reaches that the believers Firawz Daylami RA and the Abna have killed the false prophet Aswad Anasi who was leading an uprising from the time of the Prophet in Yemen. Although he was killed in the last days of the Prophet, news reached Madinah now. This was the first news of victory in the Riddah war.
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Usamah b. Zayd’s Expedition (11 AH)
Abu Bakr Siddiq RA honours the Prophet's final state order and sends out Usamah b. Zayd RA with the bulk of the elite Muslim army to fight against the Romans as retribution for the Battle of Muta. He does not keep them back to fight the rebellion. The news of the marching army quells many would-be rebels and foreign attacks. They return with success within 40-70 days.
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Battle of Zul Qissa (11 AH)
Abu Bakr Siddiq RA thwarts eminent attacks against Madinah whilst the Army of Usamah RA is away. In one engagement he kills the rebel leader Hibal (the brother of Tulayha) and chases them to Zul Qassah. When Usamah RA he commands him and his army to rest. Then Abu Bakr Siddiq RA personally leads a strike against the rebels closeby Madinah at Abraq. The Madinah border is secured and news of the victory spreads. Abu Bakr RA mobilizes the armies around Arabia to quell the rebellion. #Riddah War
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Fatimah bt. Rasulullah (d. 11 AH)
The Prophet's youngest daughter, Fatimah RA (18 BH- 11 AH). She passed away a few months after the Prophet.
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Battle of Buzakhah (11 AH)
Khalid b. Walid RA defeats the false prophet Tulayhah b. Nawfal of Banu Asad b. Khuzaymah who then flees to Syria. One of the major threat in central Arabia is removed. Tulayhah would later accept Islam. He was martyred in the battle of Nahawand. #Riddah war.
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Battle of Ghamrah (11 AH)
Khalid b. Walid RA pursues the remnant of Tulayhah's force from Buzakha. He catches up to the Banu Fazarah and Banu Asad contingent led by Uyaynah b. Hisn. The rebels are defeated and their leader is captured. He accepts Islam and seeks a pardon. He is pardoned and allowed to retire. #Riddah war
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Battle of Zafar (11 AH)
The remnant of Ghatfan from Tulayhah's defeated force rally behind Umm Ziml the chieftess Umm Ziml Salma bt. Malik. Khalid b. Walid RA meets them at Zafar and defeats them. #Riddah war
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Expedition to Buta (11 AH)
In Butah, The chief of the powerful Banu Yarbu of the Tamim tribe, Malik b. Nuwayrah refused to send zakat to the central treasury despite being the appointed official. He rebelled. When Khalid b. Walid's army arrived, Malik scattered his army but refused the call to prayer by Khalid RA and the sovereignty of Madinah. Malik was imprisoned and was executed by mishap. Abu Bakr Siddiq RA paid blood money to the family. #Riddah war
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Expedition to Oman (11 AH)
Hudayfah b. Mihsan Himyari RA is charged with dealing with the rebellion in Oman. He is assisted by generals Arfjah Bariqi RA and Ikrama RA with their respective forces. There is a heavy fight in Daba where the rebel leader Laqit b. Malid was killed. They are victorious. Huzayfah RA remained in Oman to administer it. Arafajah RA returned to Madinah with the booty. Ikramah RA advanced to Yemen via Mahrah. #Riddah war
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Battle of Yamamah (11 AH)
The Muslims lead by Khalid b. Walid RA meet the false Prophet, Musaylamah Kazzab's forces at Aqrabah in Yamamah. This was the largest of the rebel groups and the biggest threat. Fighting was intense. The battle lasts for two days ending at the garden of death. Musaylamah's army is obliterated and he is killed. Many qurrah (Quran reciters) and senior sahabah were martyred in this battle. This is the most significant battle of the Riddah war.
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The Quran is collated
Many qurra (readers of Quran) were myrted in the Battle of Yamama. Abu Bakr Siddiq RA ordered Zayd b. Thabit RA to gather the Quran written and heard in the presence of the Prophet ﷺ.
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Expedition to Bahrayn (11 AH)
In Bahrayn, many of Rabi'ah rebelled except for Abd Qays led by Jarud b. Amr RA. Ala Hadrami RA was tasked with taking charge of the forces in Bahrayn and dealing with the rebellion. He is successful. Later he will launch a campaign from there against Pars across the sea. #Ridda war.
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Expedition to Yemen (11 AH)
After Oman, Ikrama RA marched to Mahrah. He succeeded. Thereafter he assisted the Muslim forces already in defence such as Muhajir b. Abi Umayyah RA, Khalid b. Sai'id b. As RA and Firoz Daylami RA. The rebellion in Yemen was quelled. #Riddah war
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Siege of Ruhayl (11 AH)
The Kinda tribe led by Ash'ath b. Qays revolted in late 11 AH in Hadramawt (Yemen). This was the last of great revolts. The combined forces of the Muslims in Yemen led by Muhajir b. Abi Umayyah RA defeated the rebel at Zafar (the capital of Hadramawt). Thereafter they laid siege to Ruhayl. It fell and the rebellion. This marked the end of the Riddah war.
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Battle of Salasil (12 AH)
Abu Bakr Siddiq ordered Khalid b. Walid to expand into Persia and take Hira. He moved from Yamamah and tactfully met the Persian Army led Hurmuz in Kazima. The heavily armed Persian army was conclusively defeated.
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Battle of Mazar (12 AH)
The Rashidun army led by Khalid b. Walid fresh from the victory of Salasil engages the Persian forces led by Qarin at the river. The Muslims are victorious. This is also known as the Battle of the River and the Battle of Nahr.
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Battle of Walaja (12 AH)
Khalid b. Walid RA leads the Muslim forces against the Andarzaghar's Persian army at Walaja. The Persians were roundly defeated.
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Battle of Ullais (12 AH)
The Muslims under the command of Khalid b. Walid RA advanced upon Persian force led by Jaban at Ullais. The Persians were decisively defeated.
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Battle of Hira (12 AH)
The Rashidun army led by Khalid b. Walid RA advances against the Sassanid along the west bank of the Euphrates from Ullais. He besieged the walled fortified city of Hira which was the capital of lower Mesopotamia. The city surrendered to the Muslims.
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Battle of Dathin (12 AH)
Amr b. As RA heads the Muslims against Byzantine forces led by Sergius. The battle is fought in the village of Dathin (Wadi Arabah) near Gaza. Although small in scale, the battle was significant as it was the first victory of Muslims in Syria.
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Umar b. Khattab appointed as khalifah
Umar b. Khattab (Faruq) RA accepts the role of khalifah and takes the title Amirul Muminin.
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Siege of Damascus (13 AH)
Damascus is besieged and liberated by Khalid b. Walid RA and Abu Ubaydah b. Jarrah RA. 17 Jum II - 20 Raj / 21 Aug - 19 Sept.
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Basrah established
Basrah is established as an army garrison town.
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Muthanna b. Harithah (d. 15 AH)
Muthanna b. Harithah RH (d. 15 AH). Tabi’i and General. He initiated the campaign against the Sassanids and served as commander of the armies in Persia. He also served under Khalid b. Walid RA and Ubu Ubayd Thaqafi RA as a senior commander. He saved the Muslim army in the Battle of the bridge and led Muslims to victory in the Battle of Buwayb. He died before the battle of Qadsiyyah due to battle injuries.
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Battle of Qadsiyyah (15 AH)
Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas RA defeats the Sassanid Persian army led by Rustam Farukzad. This was a major victory from which the Muslims took control of Iraq. #Persia war
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Uballah captured (16 AH)
The city of Uballah (also known as Apologus) was an important port town to the Sassanid. It is likely that it was first captured in 14 AH and then again in 16 AH after the Persian counter-offensive.
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Madain captured (16 AH)
After two months of siege (Jan-Mar), the Muslims captured the Persian capital, Madain (Ctesiphon), without a fight. This marked the end of Persian control of Mesopotamia.
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Battle of Jalula (16 AH)
Hisham b. Utbah b. Abi Waqqas RA leads the Muslim force and defeats the Sassanid's at Jalula then lays siege to the town. This is a major route for eastward expansion. #Persia war
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Kufa established
Kufa is established as a habitat and army encampment.
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Juruslem captured
After a four-month siege, the people accepted to surrender the city on the condition that Khalifah Umar RA himself comes. Umar RA arrives, signs the treaty and takes control of the city.
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Quds captured (16 AH)
After a four-month siege, the people accepted to surrender the city on the condition that Khalifah Umar RA himself comes. Umar RA arrives, signs the treaty and takes control of the city.
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Plague of Amwas
The plague started in the town of Amwas (Palestine) and spread thought greater Syria. Many great sahabah died in this plague.
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Battle of Jisr Hadid (16 AH)
Battle of the Iron Bridge.
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Masjid nabawi extended (17 AH)
Umar b. Khattab RA extends Masjid Nabawi to 3575m from 2475m. Most of the houses attached to the Masjid are demolished other than those that belong to the Ummahatul Muminin.
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Siege of Alexandria (19 AH)
Amr b. As RA lays siege and captures the port city of Alexandria. The Byzantine lose control of the Mediterranean.
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Battle of Nahawand (21 AH)
The Persian's combined their forces (120,000 men) and launched a counter-attack in Nahwand. Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas RA led the Muslims and defeated the imperial army. The Sassanids never recovered and battle marked their end. #Persia war
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Khalid b. Walid (d. 21 AH)
Khalid b. Walid RA passes away from natural causes aged 57.
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Battle of Isfahan (21 AH)
Muslim forces defeated the Shahrvaraz Jadhyih's Persian forces in Isfahan.
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Battle of Makran (22 AH)
The Muslims lead by the Sahabi Suhayl b. Adi RA with the support of Usman b. Abil As RA, Hakam b. Amr RA etc defeat the Hindu Kindom of Rai and take control of Makran. Umar b. Khattab RA declares a halt of eastward expansion up to the Indus River.
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Umar b. Khattab is martyred
The second Khalifah, Umar b. Khattab, is martyred in Madinah.
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Battle of Sufetula (27 AH)
Gregory, the Byzantine exarch of Africa, confronted the Muslim forces led by Abdullah b. Saʿd in Sefetula (Byzacena Province, Africa). The Muslims won and this marked the end of Byzantine domination of Africa. The Berbers abandoned their allegiance to the Byzantines.
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Ubayy b. Ka’b (d. 30 AH)
The Sahabi, Ubayy b. Ka'b RA (d. 30 AH). One of the foremost expert in the Quran and counted as one of the senior Muftis amongst the sahabah.
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Masjid Nabawi extended (30 AH)
Usman b. Affan RA extends Masjid Nabawi making it 4071m from 3575m. The work lasted around 10 months.
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Abdullah b. Mas’ud (d. 32 AH)
The Sahabi Abdullah b. Mas'ud RA passes away in Madinah. Amongst the mukaththirun (those who issues many fatwas). He was one of the primary teachers of Kufa.
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Battle of the Masts (34 AH)
The Muslim navy led by Abu'l Aʿwar engaged the Byzantine Navy led by Emperor Constans II in the Port of Pheonix. This was the first decisive Muslim victory and marked a foothold of the Muslims in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Zayd b. Thabit (d. 45 AH)
The sahabi Zayd b. Thabit RA, passes away. He was a scribe of the Prophet, one of the foremost expert of the Quran and the mufti of Madinah.
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Ali b. Abi Talib is martyred
21 Ram, 40 AH / 27 Jan, 661 CE
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Hasan-Muawiyah Peace Treaty
Hasan b. Ali RA makes peace with Muawiyah b. Abu Sufyan RA. They sign a treaty and formally end the civil war. Hassan RA steps down and declares Muawiyah RA khalifah.
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Qayrawan city established (50 AH)
Uqbah b. Nafi establishes Qayrawan as a military post. It will later go on to become a cultural center and city.
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Ka’b b. Malik (d. 50 AH)
The Sahabi Ka'b b. Malik RA (26 BH -50 AH). The Prophet's poet alongside Hassan b. Thabit RA and Abdullah b. Rawahah. Amongst the earliest Muslims and one most eloquent speakers of the Ansar in Madinah.
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Hasan b. Ali (d. 50AH)
The sahabi Hasan b. Ali (3 - 50 AH). The Prophet's grandson via Fatimah RA and retired Khalifah. He was heir apparent to Amir Muawiyah RA.
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Usamah b. Zayd (d. 54 AH)
The sahabi, Usamah b. Zayd b. Harithah Kalbi (7 BH - 54 AH). The beloved of the Prophet and a member of his household.
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Sa’d b. Abi Waqqas (d. 54 AH)
The sahabi, Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas RA, passes away. One of the ten promised paradise and the victor of Persia. He is the last of the muhajirun to die.
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Aisha Siddiqah (d. 58 AH)
Aishah bt. Abu Bakr RA (d. 58 AH). The Prophet's wife and mother of the believers, One of the foremost experts in fiqh, hadith and one of the eloquent of the Quraysh of Makkah.
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Muawiyah b. Abu Sufyan (d. 60 AH)
The Sahabi and khalifah, Muawiyah b. Abu Sufyan RA passes away aged 78.
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Yazid b. Muawiyah becomes khalifah
Yazid b. Muawiyah (25 - 64 AH) becomes khalifah upon the demise of the khalifah Amir Muawiyah RA. The military and the ruling elite approve his appointment. The Banu Hashim led by Husayn b. Ali RA and the wider Quraysh led by Abdullah b. Zubayr refused to acknowledge the leadership of Yazid I.
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Battle of Biskra (62 AH)
The christian Beber ruler, Kusayla (Caecilius), along with a Byzantine contingent ambush the Muslim forces led by Uqbah b. Nafi'. The Muslims were defeated and lost control of Ifrikiya (modern Tunisia) for awhile.
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Battle of Harra (63 AH)
Umayyad forces led by Muslim b. Uqbah Murri against the locals of Madinah.
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Muawiyah II b. Yazid becomes khalifah
Muawiyah b. Yazid b. Muawiyah (44-64 AH), age 19, is appointed khalifah after Yazid I as per his instruction. He died of illness within 40 days to 2 months of taking office. He left no heir apparent and there was no clear successor to the Safwanid line.
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Siege of Makkah (64 AH)
The Umayyad forces lay siege on Makkah. Abdullah b. Zubayr RA leads the defence against the Umayyads. The siege lasts two months month (24 Sept - 26 Nov). In between new reaches that Yazid I has died and Muawiyah II b. Yazid has become khalifah. The Umayyad forces withdraw.
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Abdullah b. Zubayr becomes khalifah
Abdullah b. Zubayr RA (1 - 73 AH), age 64, formally declared himself Amirul Mu'minin upon the death of Yazid I from his base in Makkah. The people of the Hijaz supported him. When Muawiyah II b. Yazid died shortly, the Umayyad were in disarray. With the exception of certain Umayyad strongholds in Syria, the majority of Islamic states in the empire recognised Abdullah b. Zubayr RA as the khalifah. The capital was moved to Makkah.
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Kaba rebuilt (64 AH)
Abdullah b. Zubayr rebuilds the Kaba according to the desired specification of the Prophet of Allah ﷺ.
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Abdullah b. Sa’ib Saifi (d. 64 AH)
Abdullah b. Sa'ib Saifi Makhzumi RA. Sahabi and one of the prominent Qurra of the Quran based in Makkah. He passed away during the reign of Abdullah b. Zubair RA.
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Marwan b. Hakam is nominated as leader of the Umayyads
The Umayyads with their allies call a summit in Jabiyah. On 29 Shawwal 64 AH (22 June 684 CE), based on merit and seniority they nominate Marwan b. Hakam b. Abul As b. Umayyah (2 - 65 AH) as the leader of the Umayyads. As a compromise, they declare the young Khalid b. Yazid I second in line and Amr b. Sa'id b. As b. Umayyah Ashdaq as being third in line.
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Battle of Marj Rahit (64 AH)
The Umayyad formed mostly of the Kalb tribes of Syria (Yaman) meet the Zubayrid forces made up of the Qays tribe led by Dahhak b. Qays meet at Marj Rahit. The Umayyad's win and kill Dahhak (the governor of Damascus). Syria is secured by the Umayyads.
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Abdul Malik becomes leader of the Umayyads
Marwan b. Hakam declares his son Abdul Malik b Marwan as his successor overriding the Jabiya accord. Abdul Malik takes over leadership upon his father's demise.
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Abdullah b. Abbas (d. 68 AH)
The sahabi Abdullah b. Abbas RA passes away in Taif (near Makkah) aged 71. A major scholar and an authority in tafsir.
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Dome of Rock construction begins
Abdul Malik b. Marwan orders the building of the Dome of Rock as early as 65/66 AH but construction started on 68 AH. The Dome was completed on 72AH.
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Battle of Mams (68 AH)
Kusayla, the christain Berber leader is defeated and killed by the Muslim forces under Zuhayr b. Qays Balawi at Mams (Kayrawan).
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Battle of Maskin (72 AH)
Abdul Malik b. Marwan b. Marwan heads the Umayyad forces against Abdul b. Zubayr's forces led by Mus'ab b. Zubayr RA. Mus'ab RA is martyred in the battle. As a result, the Umayyad gain control of Iraq and march on to Makkah.
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Siege of Makkah (72 – 73 AH)
Abdul Malik b. Marwan sends Hajjaj b. Yusuf Thaqafi to deal with Abdullah b. Zubayr RA in Makkah. He lays siege to the holy city for six to seven months. Abdullah b. Zubayr RA is martyred. This marks the end of the second civil war.
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Abdullah b. Umar (d. 73 AH)
The sahabi Abdullah b. Umar b. Khattab RA passes away aged 83. When the fitna started he removed himself from politics and fighting; he focused his efforts on education.
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Battle of Carthage (74 AH)
The Muslims took Carthage on 71 AH. The The Byzantine forces led by John the Patrician though a surprise naval attack captured Carthage from the Muslims 73 AH. The Muslim forces under Hassan b. Nu'man returned with a large army and took back the territory. This marked the end of Byzantine presence in North Africa.
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Battle of Tabarka (82 AH)
Hasan b. Nu'man led the Muslim forces to victory against the Berber Queen Dihya during the campaign in Numidia. The Berber defeat at the town of Tabarka marked the end of organised Berber resistance.
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Walid I b. Abdul Malik becomes khalifah
Walid b. Abdul Malik (46 - 96 AH) becomes khalifah after his father died. His uncle Abdul Aziz b. Marwan who was the heir apparent died before Abdul Malik. His reign will last almost 10 years.
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Akhtal Taghilibi (d. 92 AH)
Ghiyath b. Ghawth Taghlibi (19 - 92 AH). A Christian poet who found favour in Yazid I and the subsequent Umayyad khalifahs. He would satire Umayyad opponents and eulogize their supporters. His Arabic is considered a source of pure Arabic akin to that used before Islam. He had a running feud with fellow poets Jarir b. Atiyyah and Farazdaq.
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Urwah b. Zubayr (93 AH)
Urwah b. Zubayr b. Awwam (23 - 93 AH). Tabi'i, one of seven prominent faqih of Madinah, a prolific narrator and historian.
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Sa’id b. Musayyab (d. 94 AH)
Sa'id b. Musayyab (15 - 94 AH).
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Sulayman b. Abdul Malik becomes khalifah
Sulayman b. Abdul Malik (54- 99 AH) became khalifah upon the demise of his brother Walid I.
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Umar II b. Abdul Aziz becomes Khalifah
Umar b. Abdul Aziz b. Marwan RH (61 - 101 AH) becomes khalifah aged 35. Other than the sahabah who where Khalifah, his khilafat is considered the most pious. His reign lasted a little over two years
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Hisham b. Abdul Malik becomes khalifah
Hisham b. Abdul Malik (72 - 125 AH).
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Salim b. Abdullah (d. 106 AH)
Salim b. Abdullah b. Umar RA (c. 35 - 106 AH). One of the seven grand muftis of Madinah and muhaddith.
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Jarir b. Atiyyah Kalbi (d. 110 AH)
Jarir b. Atiyyah of clan Kulayb of Yarbu from the Tamim (33- 110 AH). A famous Arab poet and contemporary of Akhtal and Farazdaq. He was favoured by Hajjaj b. Yusuf (the Ummayad governor of Hijaz and then Iraq). He works are mostly satire and eulogies.
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Hasan Basri (d. 110 AH)
Hasan Basri RH (21-110 AH) passes away age 86.
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Farazdaq (d. 114 AH)
Hammam b. Ghalib Farazdaq of Tamim (38 - 114 AH). One of famous classical poets of the time alongside Akhtal and Jarir b. Atiyyah who whom he had running feuds. He would recite positive poems about the Umayyads but was not invited to court due him also reciting poetry praising the house of Ali RA. He would eventually join the court of the Umayyad Khalifah Walid I to whom he would dedicate a number of poems.
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Zul Rummah (d. 117)
Zul Rummah Ghaylan b. Uqbah (77 - 117 AH). He was a bedouin poet who writes about the desert travels. This style of poetry is said to have ended with Zul Rummah
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Jamiah Zaytunah (120 AH)
The Zaytunah centre for learning was established in Kayrwan (Tunis).
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Ibn Kathir Makki (d. 120 AH)
Abdullah b. Kathir Makki RA (45 - 120 AH). Imam of Qira'at. He recited to the sahabah Abdullah b. Sa'ib RA, Mujahid RH, Dirbas Mawla Abdullah b. Abbas RH amongst others.
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Ibn Shihab Zuhri (d. 124 AH)
Ibn Shihab Zuhri (50 - 124; age 74). The grand muhaddith and historian.
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Walid II b. Yazid II becomes khalifah
Walid b. Yazid b. Abdul Malik (90 - 126 AH).
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Yazid III b. Walid I becomes khalifah
Yazid III b. Walid b. Abdul Malik (86 - 126 AH).
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Ibrahim b. Walid I becomes khalifah
Ibrahim b. Walid b. Abdul Malik (d. 132 AH). He abdicated to Marwan II b. Muhammad b. Marwan.
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Marwan II b. Muhammad becomes khalifah
Marwan II b. Muhammad Abdul Malik (72 - 132 AH) challenged Ibrahim b. Walid b. Abdul Malik who soon abdicates and seeks refuge.
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Asim b. Abu Najud (d. 129 AH)
Asim b. Bahdalah Abu Najud Kufi (d. 127 AH). A tabi'i, one of the main imams of Qira'at and narrator. He read from many prominent tabi'un such as Abu Abdur Rahman Sulami and some sahabah who were taught directly by Abdullah b. Mas'ud RA, Ali RA, Usman RA amongst others. His most famous students are Hafs RH, Shu'bah RH and Abu Bakr b. Ayyash RH. At present, his reported mode of reading is the most prevalent worldwide.
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Ayyub Sakhtiyani (d. 131 AH)
Ayyub b. Abu Tamimah Kaysan Sakhtiyani (68 - 131 AH). Amongst the seniour tabiun.
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Battle of Zab (132 AH)
Saffah defeats the Ummayad Khalifah Marwan II and ends the reign of the Umayyads in the middle east.
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Umayyad Khilafat ends
The last Umayyad Khalifah, Marwan II is killed in Egypt whilst fleeing the Abbasids. This marked the end of the Umayyads in the Middle East. One of the Umayyad prince, Abdul Rahman b. Mu'awiyah b. Hisham b. Abdul Malik (113 - 172 AH) escapes to Cordoba and founds the Umayyad Kingdom in Spain.
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Abbasid Khilafat established
Ali b. Muhammad Saffah becomes khalifah.
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Battle of Talas (134 AH)
Ziyad b. Harith heads the Umayyad army and defeats the Tang Imperial forces led by general Gao Xianzhi. This halts Chinese expansion.
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Mansur becomes khalifah
Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur (95 - 158 AH) becomes khalifah age 41 after his brother the Khalifah Saffah dies. His reign lasts 22 years.
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Musa b. Uqbah Asadi (d. 141)
Musa b. Uqbah Asadi (55 - 141 AH). Muhaddith and prominent historian.
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Ibn Muqaffa (d. 142 AH)
Abdullah b. Muqaffa (106 - 142 AH). Arabic writer of literature of Persian origin. He introduced Persian literary style in Arabic. He served the Umayyads and then the Abbasids. He was executed after representing Abdullah b. Ali who made a failed coup against his nephew, the Khalifah Mansur.
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Abu Hanifah (d. 150 AH)
Abu Hanifah Nu'man b. Thabit RH (80 - 150 AH; age 70) .
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Ibn Ishaq (d. 150 AH)
The historian Muhammad b. Ishaq (85 - 151 AH) passes away.
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Maʿmar b. Rāshid (d. 153 AH)
Maʿmar b. Rāshid (96 - 153 AH; age 69). Muhaddith and Historian. Notably he narrated the Sahifah of Wahb b. Munabbih (d. 101 AH) to Abd al-Razzāq.
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Abu Amr b. Ala Basri (d. 154 AH)
Abu Amr Zabban b. Ala (67 - 154 AH). One of the main Imams of Qira'at and an expert linguist. He studied under the Qurra of Hijaz, Basrah and Kufa. He learned from a large group of the direct students of Abdullah b. Abbas RA.
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Hamzah b. Habib Zayyat (d. 156 AH)
Hamzah b. Habib Zayyat (80 - 156 AH). One of the main imams of qira'at. He was also an expert in linguists and inheritance. The most famous who narrate from him are Khallad RH and Khalaf RH.
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Mahdi becomes khalifah
Mahdi Muhammad b. Mansur (127 - 169 AH) becomes khalifah age 31 upon the death of his father, the Khalifah Mansur.
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Sufyan Thawri (d. 161 AH)
Sufyan b. Sa'id Thawri (97 - 161 AH). Tab' Tabi'un. An eminent Muhaddith and faqi.
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Hammad b. Salamah (d. 167 AH)
Abu Salamah Hammad b. Salamah (82 - 167 AH). The Mufti of Basrah. A tab' tabi'in, linguist and muhaddith.
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Nafi Madani (d. 169 AH)
Abu Ruwaym Nafi’ b. Abdur Rahman Madani (70 – 169 AH).
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Hadi becomes khalifah
Hadi Musa b. Mahdi (147 - 170 AH) becomes khalifah after the demise of his father, the khalifah Mahdi. His reign lasted around years.
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Harun Rashid becomes Khalifah
Harun Rashid b. Mahdi succeeded to the khalifah upon the demise of his older brother Hadi. Harun was in his early 20s at the time.
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Khalil Nahwi (d. 173 AH)
Khalil b. Ahmad Farahidi Nahwi (100 - 173 AH). Notable lexicographer of classical Arabic and linguist. He wrote Kitab al-Ayn where he formalised the Arabic poetic patterns. He also introduced the harakat marking as a reading aid.
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Akhfash Akbar (d. 177 AH)
Abu Khattab Abdul Hamid b. Abdul Majid (d. 177 AH). A notable expert of nahw (grammar) and lexis.
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Muslim b. Khalid (100 – 179 AH)
Muslim b. Khalid Zanji Makhzumi (c. 100 - 179 AH) passes away. The mufti of Makkah and the teacher of Imam Muhammad b. Idris Shafii.
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Malik b. Anas (d. 179 AH)
Malik b. Anas RH (c. 93 -179 AH; age 84).
-
Sibawayh (d. 180 AH)
Amr b. Aws Sibawayh (148 - 180 AH).
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Saif b. Umar (d. 180 AH)
Saif b. Umar (d. 180 AH approx.). Historian. He wrote Kitab al-Futuh al-Kabir wa al-Riddah. Many later historians such as Tabari use his sources as primary reference.
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Abdullah b. Mubarak (d. 181 AH)
Abdullah b. Muabarak Marwazi (118 - 181 AH).
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Abu Yusuf (d. 182 AH)
Abu Yusuf Yaqub b. Ibrahim RH (113 - 182 AH; age 69).
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Ziyad b. Abdullah Bakka’i (d 183)
Ziyad b. Abdullah Bakka'i (110-183 AH / 728 - 800). Historian. He is amongst the prominent students of Ibn Ishaq (d. 150 AH). Ibn Hisham (d. 218 AH) quotes Ibn Ishaq via him extensively in his famed work on the seerah.
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Yunus b. Habib (d. 183 AH)
Yunus b. Habib Dabbi (183 AH). A notable linguist of his time. His students include Sibwayh, Kisai, Farra and Abu Ubaydah.
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Kisai (d. 189 AH)
Abu Hasan Ali b. Hamzah Kisai (119 - 189 AH). Imam of Qira'at and founder of the Kufan school of Grammar which rivalled Sibawayh's Basran school.
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Muhammad b. Hasan Shaybani (d. 189 AH)
Muhammad b. Hasan Shaybani RH (131 - 189 AH; age 58). Prominent Hanafi Jurist, muhaddith, linguist and the author of the Zahir Riwayat. Student of Imams Abu Hanifah, Abu Yusuf and Malik. He was the teacher of Imam Shafi'i.
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Amin Rashid becomes Khalifah
Amin is appointed khalifah (age 22) after the demise of his father, the Khalifah Harun Rashid. He was chosen above his older brother Mamun Rashid on account of Amin's mother Zubaydah belonging to Abbasid aristocracy.
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Abbasid civil war begins (195-198 AH)
Harun Rashid in his will declared Mamun Rashid second in line (to be Khalifah after Amin). Amin counteracts the will and declares his son Musa as heir apparent. Mamun declares wars. The Abbasid civil war begins.
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Battle of Rayy (195 AH)
The forces of Amin and Mamun face each other at the Rayy. Mamun wins the battle and advances upon Baghdad. #Civil War
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Sufyan b. Uyainah (d. 198 AH)
Sufyan b. Uyainah Hilali (107 - 198 AH). Muhaddith.
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Siege of Baghdad (197-198 AH)
Mamun's forces lay siege on Baghdad for a year against. The city eventually falls. The Khalifah Amin Rashid is executed by Mamun. The civil war ends.
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Mamun Rashid becomes khalifah
Mamun Rashid becomes khalifah (age 27) after a bloody civil war with his younger brother Amin Rashid.
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Ibn Zabalah (d. 199 AH)
Muhammad b. Hasan Makhzumi (d 199 AH / 814 CE). His work Akhbār Madīnah is considered one of the primary references for the history of Madinah.
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Muhammad b. Idris Shafii (d. 204 AH)
Muhammad b. Idris Shafi'i RH (150 - 204 AH; age 53).
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Farra (d. 207 AH)
Abu Zakariyya Yahya b. Ziyad Daylami Farra (144 - 207 AH). One of the principal narrators of Qira'at and a protege of Kisai RA. He was a leading nahw (grammar) expert of the Kufan school.
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Muhammad b. Umar Waqidi (d. 207 AH)
Muhammad b. Umar Waqidi (130 - 207 AH). Notable historian.
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Mamun supports Muʿtazilte creed: Creation of the Quran (212 AH)
The Khalifah officially support the Mamun Rashid supports the Mu'tazilah creed that the Quran is created.
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Asmai (d. 216 AH)
Abdul Malik b. Qurayb Asmai (121 -216 AH). Leading expert of nahw (grammar) of the Basran school and a protege Khalil Nahwi. He wrote Asma'iayt.
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Ibn Hisham (d. 218)
Historian Abdul Malik b. Hisham (d. 218)
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Mutasim Billah becomes khalifah
Mu'tasim Billah b. Harun Rashid (179 - 227 AH) became khalifah when Mamun died unexpectedly away from the capital. He commanded the imperial guards for his older brother Mamun. So he placed himself as Khalifah despite a claim by Mamun's son Abbas. He continued Mamun's policies including the state enforcement of Mutazilism.
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Wathiq Billah becomes khalifah
Wathiq Billah Abu Jafar Harun b. Mu'tasim Billah (200 - 232 AH). He became khalifah age 27 after the demise of his father. His reign last 5; he died at age 32. He continued his father policy and continued to promote mu'tazilism and persecute those who opposed it.
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Ibn Sa’d (d. 238 AH)
Historian Muhammad b. Sa'd (168 - 230 AH) passes away 63. The scribe of Waqidi. He wrote the book Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kubra (a biographical dictionary on the sahabah and later scholars).
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Abu Tammam (d. 232 AH)
Abu Tammam Habib b. Aws (188 - 232 AH). A poet in the court of Mu'tasim. The author of Kitabul Hamasah; one of the primary source of early Arabic poetry.
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Mutawakkil becomes khalifah
Mutawakkil Alallah Jafar b. Mu'tasim (205 - 247 AH) becomes khalifah after the sudden demise of his brother, the khalifah Wathiq. Royal officials wanted a person who they can control for their own agendas but Mutawakkil takes control and dismisses them. He abolished mu'tazilism as state policy and re-adopts sunnism. He is considered the last of the powerful Abbasid khalifahs. He was assassinated and after him the khilafah's power goes into decline.
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Ibn Abu Shaybah (d. 235 AH)
Abu Bakr b. Muhammad Abu Shaybah (159 - 235 AH; age 76). Muhaddith. His work includes Musannaf.
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Great masjid of Samarra built (237 AH)
The Abbasid khalifah Mutawakkil commissioned the building of the Grand Masjid in his capital Samarra (Iraq) in 235 AH. It was completed in 237 AH. It was the largest masjid in the world at the time and representative of fine Islamic architecture.
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Ishaq b. Rahwayh (d. 238 AH)
Ishaq b. Ibrahim Rahwayh Hanzali (161 - 238 AH).
-
Qutaybah b. Sa’id (d. 240 AH)
Qutaybah b. Sa’id Thaqafi (150 – 240 AH)
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Ahmad b. Hanbal (d. 241 AH)
Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal RH (164 - 241 AH). Muhaddith, Faqih and leader of the Ahl Sunnah wa-l Jama'ah.
-
Jamiah Qarawiyyin established (245 AH)
Qarawiyyin masjid was established in 245 AH and it is suggested that from its inception it was used as a centre for learning aswell.
-
Darimi (d. 255 AH)
Abdullah b. Abdur Rahman Darimi (181 – 255 AH).
-
Jahiz Kinani (d. 255 AH)
Abu Usman Amr b. Bahr Hajiz (159 - 255 AH). A notable linguist who wrote Kitab Haywan, Kitab Bukhala and Bayan wa Tabyin. He was a Mu'tazili and enjoyed the patronage of the royal courts such as Mamun and those who followed him until Mutwakkil took office.
-
Mutamid becomes khalifah
The reign of Mutamid b. Khalifah Mutawakkil (256 – 279 AH).
-
Bukhari (d. 256 AH)
Muhammad b. Isma’il Bukhari RH (194 – 256 AH). One of the leading expert of hadith. His works include Sahih Bukhari, Tarikh Kabir and Adab Mufrad.
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Muslim b. Hajjaj (d. 261 AH)
Abu Husayn Muslim b. Hajjaj Nishapuri (206 - 261 AH). Muhaddith. His work includes Sahih Muslim.
-
Ibn Majah Qazwini (d. 273 AH)
Muhammad b. Yazid Ibn Majah Qazwini (209 - 273 AH).
-
Abu Dawud Sajistani (d. 275 AH)
Abu Dawud Sulayman b. Ash'ath Sajistani (202 - 275 AH). Muhaddith and faqih. His work include Sunan Abu Dawud.
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Abu Isa Tirmidhi (d. 279 AH)
Imam Abu ʿĪsā Muhammad b. ʿĪsā b. Tirmidhi. 209 – 279 AH (824 – 892 CE). One of the leading scholars of hadith narration, hadith analyst and faqīh. He is the author of Jāmiʿal-Tirmidhi, Shamāʾīl Muhammadiyyah and al-ʿIlal amongst other works. His legacy is far-reaching and Allah Almighty through him has benefited the Muslims immensely.
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Balazuri (d. 279 AH)
Ahmad b. Yahya Balazduri (d. 279 AH). Notable early historian and historian. He is the author of Futuh Buldan.
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Ahmad Yaqubi (d. 284 AH)
Ahmad b. Abu Yaqub (d. 284). Historian and geographer. Author of Kitab al-Buldan and Tarikh Wadhih.
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Mubarrad (d. 285 AH)
Abu Abbas Muhammad b. Yazid Mubarrad (207 - 285 AH). Leading grammarian and linguist of the School of Basrah.
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Muqtadir becomes khalifah
The reign of Muqtadir Billah (295 – 320 AH).
-
Nasai (d. 303 AH)
Abu Abdur Rahman Ahmad b. Shu'ayb Nasai (214 - 303 AH). Muhaddith. His writing includes Sunan Nasai.
-
Ibn Jarir Tabari (d. 310 AH)
Muhammad b. Jarir Tabari RA (224 - 310 AH). Historian and Mufassir, The author of Tarikh Umam wa Muluk and Tafsir Tabari.
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Abu Hasan Ash’ari (d. 324 AH)
Abu Hasan Ash'ari RH (260 - 324 AH) passes away.
-
Muhammad b. Yusuf Firabri (d. 320 AH)
Muhammad b. Yusuf Firabri (231 - 320 AH). Muhaddith and amongst the most notable students of Imam Bukhari RA.
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Qahir becomes khalifah
The reign of Qahir billah b. khalifah Mu'tazz (320 - 322 AH; 26 months). He was deposed, blinded and imprisoned in a coup planned by the exiled vizir Ibn Muqla. Qahir died in 339 AH.
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Abu Jafar Tahawi (d. 321 AH)
Abu Jafar Ahmad b. Muhammad Tahawi (229 - 321 AH). Faqih and Muhaddith.
-
Radi becomes khalifah
The reign of Radi Billah (322 – 329 AH). His reign marked the end of the Khalifah’s power. The true power hence in the Abbasid reign was held by the Amirul Umara.
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Muttaqi becomes khalifah
The reign of Muttaqi Lillah (329 – 333 AH; 3 years and 8 months). His administration was controlled by grand amirs Bajkam then Ibn Raiq and Tuzun.
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Abu Mansur Maturidi (d. 333)
Abu Mansur Maturidi (247 - 333 AH) passes away.
-
Mustakfi becomes khalifah
The reign of Mustakfi Billah b. Khalifah Muktafi (333 – 334 AH; 17 months).
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Hakim Shahid (d. 334 AH)
Hakim Abu Fadl Muhammad b. Muhammad Marwazi Sulami Balkhi Shahid (334 AH). One of the leading hanafi scholars of his time. His works include the classical hanafi manual al-Kafi.
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Mu’izz al-Dawlah becomes Buyid amir of Iraq
The Buyid take control of Iraq and make the Abbasid khalifah a puppet ruler. The Buyids were Shi'ites.
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Ali b. Ibrahim Qattan (d. 345 AH)
Abu-l Hasan Ali b. Ibrahim b. Salamah b. Bahr al-Qattan (254 – 345 AH)
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Mas’udi (d. 345 AH)
Abu Hasan Ali b. Husayn Masudi (283 – 345 AH). Historian and geographer. Mutazila. He authored Muruj al-Zahab wa Ma’adin al-Jawhar – a work on universal history.
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Abu Abbas Mahbubi (d. 346 AH)
Abu Abbas Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Mahbub Mahbubi Mawazi (249 - 346 AH; age 97). One of the prominent narrators of Jamiʿ Tirmidhi. He travelled to Tirmidh in 265 AH (aged 16) to hear hadith from Imam Tirmidhi.
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Mutanabbi (d. 354 AH)
Ahmad b. Husayn Mutanabbi Kindi (303 - 354 AH; age 50). Famous Poet from Iraq. He spent nine years in the court of Saif al-Dawlah, the Shi'ite amir of Aleppo. His poetry collection is compiled in Diwan Mutanabbi.
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Jamiah Azhar established (359 AH)
Jamiah Azhar is established in Jumada I, 359 AH. Studies started in Ramadan, 364 AH.
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Abu Layth Samarqandi (d. 373)
Abu Layth Naṣr b. Muḥammad Samarqandi (d. 373 or 393). Hanafi faqih and Mufassir. He authored Baḥr al-Quran, Bustān al-ʿĀrifīn and Tanbiḥ al-Ghafilīn.
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Ibn Hamwayh Sarakhsi (d. 381 AH)
Abu Muhammad Abdullah b. Ahmad Sarakhsi (293 - 381 AH). Imam, reliable muhaddith and musnid. His report of Sahih Bukhari via Firabri is highly regarded. Abu Abbas Hajjar (d. 730) had a very high quality sanad to him in which he links to him with 3 person in between.
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Abdullah Sarakhsi (d. 381 AH)
Abu Muhammad Abdullah b. Ahmad b. Hammuwayh Sarakhsi (293 - 381 AH)
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Ibn Abi Zayd Qayrawani (d. 386 AH)
Abdullah b. Abi Zayd Qayrawani Maliki (310 - 386 AH). The leading Maliki in Kayrawan. He is the author of Risala and Kitab al-Nawadir wa Ziyadat ala Mudawwanah.
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Abu Talhah Khatib Qazwini (d. 409 AH)
Abu Talhah Qasim b. Munzir Ahmad b. Muhammad Qazwini. A prominent narrator of Ibn Majah. He died in 409 AH or later.
-
Abu Muhammad Marzubani (d. 412 AH)
Abu Muhammad Abd al-Jabbar b. Muhammad Abu-l Jarrāḥ Jarrāḥī Marwazi Marzabani (331 -412 AH; age 81). One of the narrators of Tirmidhi via Abu Abbas Mahbubi (d. 346 AH).
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Abu Hayyan Tawhidi (d. 414 AH)
Arabic Literary Historian.
-
Abu Husayn Quduri (d. 428)
Abu Husayn Ahmad b. Muhammad Quduri (326 - 428 AH). Leading Hanafi of Iraq and the author of Mukhtasar Quduri.
-
Battle of Dandanaqan
The Seljuq's led by Tugrul defeat the Ghaznawid army near Merv. This marked the dominance of the Seljuks of Khurasan driving out the Ghaznawid.
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Biruni (d. 440 AH)
Abu Rayhan Muhammad b. Ahmad Biruni (362 - 362 AH).
-
Abu Amr Dani (d. 444 AH)
Abu Amr Usman b. Sa'id RH (371 - 444 AH). Amongst the foremost expert in Qira'at. He was also a Mufassir and Muhaddith. He wrote Taysir fi al-Qirat al-Sab'. He was a native of Cordoba (Spain).
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Ibn Hazam Zahiri (d. 456 AH)
Abu Muhammad Ali b. Ahmad b. Sa’id b. Hazam Undulusi Qurtubi (384 – 456 AH). Leading scholar of the Zahiri movement.
-
Nizamul Mulk becomes Seljuq grand wazir
Nizamul Mulk Abu Ali Husayn b. Ali Tusi (408 - 485 AH) becomes the grand wazir of Seljuq Sultan Alp Arsalan.
-
Nizamiyyah Madrasah established (459 AH)
Nizamul Mulk establishes the first of the Nizamiyyah madrasahs in Baghdad (459 AH / 1067 CE).
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Battle of Manzikert (463 AH)
Seljuq Sultan Alp Arsalan decisively defeated and captured Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV at Manzikert. The Byzantine defeat would rattle Europe and would be one of the key catalysts which would lead to the Crusades.
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Khatib Baghdadi (d. 463 AH)
Abu Bakr Ahmad b. Ali (392 – 463 AH). The chief khatib of Baghdad. Muhaddith and historian.
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Abu Hasan Dawudi (d. 467 AH)
Abu Dawud Abdur Rahman b. Muhammad Dawudi Bawsanji (374 - 467 AH). Musnid, imam, muhaddith and faqih. He studied Sahih Bukhari, Musnad Humayd and Musnad from Ibn Hamwayh Sarakhsi (d. 381) amongst others. Thus he had one of the highest sanads of Bukhari.
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Abdur Rahman Dawudi (d. 467 AH)
Abdur Rahman b. Muhammad b. Muzaffar Dawudi Bushanji (347 - 467 AH).
-
Abu Mansur Qazwini (d. 484 AH)
Abu Mansur Muhammad b. Hasan b. Ahmad Qazwini
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Abu Walid Baji (d. 474 AH)
Abu Walid Sulayman b. Khalaf Tujibi Maliki (403 – 474 AH). Maliki faqih, judge, usuli, muhaddith and poet. He was a native of Andulus and his students include Ibn Abdul Barr and Ibn Hazam amongst others. He was a prolific writer.
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Shams al-Aimmah Sarakhsi (d. 483 AH)
Shams al-Aimmah Muhammad b. Ahmad Sarakhsi (399 - 483 AH). Hanafi faqih and Muhaddith. The author of Mabsut and Usul Sarakhsi.
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First crusade begins (488-92 AH)
Pope Urban II on 27 Nov 1095 in the Council of Clairmont gives a speech calling to arms for a Christian Crusade to conquer the Holy lands from the Muslims.
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Siege of Antioch (490-491 AH)
Crusaders besiege Antioch for eight and capture it on Jum I, 491 AH from the Muslims. Bohemond takes charge and establishes the Principality of Antioch.
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Crusaders sack Quds (Jerusalem)
The crusaders siege Quds (Jerusalem) for 9 days and then entered the city on the 15 July 1099 CE. They massacred the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants.
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Abu Hamid Ghazali (d. 505 AH)
Abu Hamid Ghazali (450 - 505 AH).
-
Abu Hafs Umar Nasafi (d. 537 AH)
Abu Hafs Nasafi (461 - 537 AH). Hanafi Faqih and Mutakallim. He is commonly known as Mufti al-Thaqalayn. He wrote many works including Aqaid al-Nasafiyyah.
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Siege of Edessa (539 AH)
Imaduddin Zengi (the Atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo) captured Ruha (Edessa) from the christian state. This formed the catalyst to the second crusade.
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Alauddin Samarqandi (d. 540 AH)
Alauddin Muhammad b. Ahmad Samarqandi (450 - 540 AH). Hanafi Faqih and Usuli. Author of Tuhfatul Fuqaha - one of the reliable matn on Hanafi fiqh.
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Second crusade begins (540-5 AH)
When news reaches of the fall of Edessa, Pope Eugene III on 1 Dec 1145 CE calls for a crusade. Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany lead the crusaders. The campaign is a disaster for the christians.
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Abu-l Fath Karrukhi (d. 548 AH)
Abu-l Fath Abd-l Malik b. Abdullah Harawi Karrukhi (462 - 548 AH; age 86). He heard and reports Jami Tirmidhi from Muhallabi (d. 487 AH) in Rabi I, 482 AH, and Ghuraji (d. 481 AH) in Rabi II, 481 AH. He also reports Tirmidhi from Taryaqi (d. 483 AH).
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Abu Waqt Sijzi (d. 553 AH)
Abu Waqt Isa b. Shua’yb Sijzi (458 – 553 AH). Muhaddith. He read Sahih Bukhari, Darimi and sections of Musnad Humayd from Abu Hasan Dawudi in 465 AH. Thereafter he studied from many others. Ibn Asakir, Sam’ani, Ibn Jawzi, Shirazi, Ibn Mandah, Zabidi and many more narrate from him.
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Abu Waqt Sijzi (d. 553 AH)
Abu Waqt Abdul Awwal Sijzi (458 – 553)
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Ibn Qalanisi (555 AH)
Historian. Author of Tarikh Dimashq and chronicler of the crusade.
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Abu Zur’a Maqdisi (d. 566)
Abu Zur'a Tahir b. Muhammad b. Tahir Maqdisi (566 AH)
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Abu Qasim Suhayli (d. 581)
Abu Qasim Abd al-Rahman b. Abdullah al Suhayli (508-581 AH). Historian. He wrote a notable commentary on Sīrat Ibn Hishām.
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Battle of Cresson (583 AH)
A muslim contngent led by Muzaffaruddin Gökböri defeated a templar force in 5 Safar 853 syt the Spring of Cresson (Quds). This battle is considered a prelude to the greater Battle of Hattin two months later.
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Battle of Hattin (583 AH)
Sultan Salahuddin Ayyubi RA decisively defeats the crusader army. It was a two-day engagement and the bulk of the crusader forces in the state was destroyed removing their capacity to wage large-scale war. The forts held by the crusader kingdom fell easily thereafter.
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Muslims recapture Quds (583 AH)
Sultan Salahuddin Ayyubi RA recaptures Quds (Jerusalem) after 88 years of occupation by the crusaders. The siege lasted 12 days (20 Sept to 2 Oct).
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Alauddin Kasani (d. 587 AH)
Alauddin Abu Bakr b. Masud Kasani RA (587 AH). One of the great later Hanafi Jurists. Author of the authoritative commentary Bada'i al-Sana'i.
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Siege of Acre (587 AH)
Acre fell to the Crusader states on Jumada II, 587 AH after a two year siege.
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Massacre of Ayyadieh (587 AH)
In 27 Rajab 587, after the fall of Acre, Richard I has two-thousand Muslim prisoners of war which included women and children beheaded in front of Salahuddin Ayyubi and jis army. #Crusades
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Battle of Arsuf (587 AH)
The Muslim army led by Sultan Salahuddin Ayyubi attacked the marching crusader army led by Richard I on 16 Shaban 587 AH (1191 CE). The overall significance of the battle is debated. The crusaders repulsed Muslim forces. The well-known crusader James of Avesnes was killed in the battle.
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Salahuddin Ayyubi (d. 589 AH)
Sultan Salahuddin Yusuf b. Ayyub (532 – 589 AH). Sultan of Syria and Egypt. Founder the Ayyubid dynasty. He recaptured Quds and led the successful Muslim campaigns against the crusaders during the second and third crusades.
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Ibn Firru Shatibi (d. 590 AH)
Abu Muhammad Qasim b. Firruh Shatibi (538 - 590 AH). One of the great masters qira'at, language and hadith. His didactic poem Hirz Amani wa Wajh Tahani is deemed required reading for all serious students of qira'at.
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Qadi Khan (d. 592 AH)
Fakhruddin Hasan b. Mansur Qadi Khan Farghani (592 AH). The notable hanafi mufti and author of the famed Fatawa Qadhi Khan.
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Burhanuddin Marghinani (d. 593 AH)
Burhan al-Din Marghinani (511 - 593 AH). Hanafi faqih and author the classical text Hidayah.
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Fakhruddin Razi (d. 604 AH)
Fakhruddin Razi Muhammad b. Umar Razi (544 - 604 AH). Mufassir, mutakallim (ashari) and faqih (shafii). His notable works include Tafsir Kabir, Mahsul fi Ilm al-Usul, Mabahith Mashriqiyyah and Matalib Aliyyah. He was Persian and Shafii.
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Ibn Tabarzad (d. 607 AH)
Abu Hafs Umar b. Muhammad (516 - Raj, 607 AH; age 91). Commonly known as Ibn Tabarzad Baghdadi. Famed Muhaddith. He studied Jamiʿ Tirmidhi from Karrukhi (d. 548 AH) in Zul Hijjah 547 AH (age 31).
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Yaqut Hamawi (d. 622 AH)
Yaqut Shihabuddin b. Abdullah Rumi Hamawi (574 - 622 AH). Historian and geographer.
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Mustansiriya Madrasah established (630 AH)
Mustansiriya Madrasah established in Baghdad (630 AH /1233 CE).
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Saifuddin Amidi (d. 631 AH)
Saifuddin Ali b. Abu Ali Amidi (d. 631 AH). Shafii faqih, usuli and mutakallim. His work includes Ihkam fi Usul Ahkam.
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Sirajuddin Zabidi (d. 631)
Sirajuddin Husayn b. Mubarak Zabidi (545 - 631 AH)
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Anjab b. Abu Sa’adat (d. 635 AH)
Abu Muhammad Anjab b. Abu Sa'adat (d. 635 AH)
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Ibn Hajib Maliki (d. 646 AH)
Abu Amr Usman b. Umar Ibn Hajib RA (570 - 646 AH).
-
Mongols sack Baghdad
Baghdad is sacked for 13 days by the Mongol horde led by Halagu Khan. The Khalifah Mu'tasim is killed and the libraries of the city are destroyed. The Abbasid khilafat falls.
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Izzuddin b. Abd Salam (d. 660 AH)
Izzuddin b. Abd Salam Sulami Dimshqi (557 - 660 AH). Mufassir, muhaddith, faqih, mutakallim and usuli. The leading shafii of his time.
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Abu Abdullah Qurtubi (d. 671 AH)
Abu Abdullah Muhammad b. Abdullah Qurtubi (610 - 671 AH). Mufassir, maliki faqih and muhaddith. His notable work include Jami li Ahkam al-Quran. He was from Cordoba (Spain).
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Jalaluddin Rumi (d. 672 AH)
(604 - 672 AH)
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Nawawi (d. 676 AH)
Abu Zakariyya Yahya b. Sharf Nawawi (636 - 676 AH). Prominent shafii faqih and muhaddith.
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Ibn Khallikan (d. 681 AH)
Ahmad b. Muhammad Barmakki Ibn Khallikan (608 – 681 AH). A notable historian, shafii judge and linguist. His most notable work is Wafiyat Ayan.
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Abu Fadl Mawsuli (d. 683 AH)
Abu Fadl Mawsuli Abdullah b. Mawhub b. Mawdud Mawsuli (599 - 683 AH). Hanafi faqih and muhaddith. Author of the reliable hanafi matn al-Mukhtar and its commentary al-Ikhtiyar.
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Ibn Bukhari (d. 689 AH)
Abu-l Hasan Fakhruddin Ali b. Ahmad Maqdi Salihi (595 - 689 AH; age 94).
-
Ibn Sā’ātī (d. 694 AH)
Muzaffar al-Din Ahmad b. Ali b. Tha'lab (d. 694). Commonly known as Ibn Sā'ātī. Hanafi Faqih and Usuli. Author of famed hanafi matn Majma' al-Bahrayn wa Multaqa al-Nahrayn and the usul work Bad' al-Nizām.
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Abu Barakat Nasafi (d. 710 AH)
Abu Barakat Abdullah b. Ahmad Nasafi. Hanafi faqih, usuli and mufassir. He is the author of classical texts such as Kanz al-Daqa'iq and Manar al-Anwar.
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Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728 AH)
Taqiuddin Ahmad b. Taymiyyah (661 – 728 AH)
-
Abu Abbas Hajjar (d. 730 AH)
Abu Abbas Ahmad b. Abu Talib Hajjar (624 - 730 AH; age over 106). Also known as Ibn Shuhna Hajjar.
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Ibn Sayyid al-Nas (d. 734 AH)
Fathuddin Ibn Sayyid al-Nās (d. 734 AH). Historian.
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Abu Hajjaj Mizzi (d. 742 AH)
Jamaluddin Abu Hajjaj Yusuf b. Zaki (654 - 742 AH). Muhaddith and rijal expert. His notable works include Tahzibul Kamal and Tuhfatul Ashraf. He was Syrian and Shafii.
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Sadr al-Shariah Asghar (d. 747 AH)
Sadr al-Shariah Asghar (d. 747). Hanafi Faqih and Usuli Author of famed hanafi mutn Nuqayah and Sharh Wiqayah, as well as the usul, works, Tanqih and Tawdhih
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Mughaltay b. Qalij (d. 762)
Mughaltāy b. Qalij (689 - 762 AH). Muhaddith, historian and geneologist.
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Khalil b. Ishaq Jundi (d. 767 AH)
Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi Maliki (767 AH). The author of the classical maliki matn Mukhtasar Khalil.
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Ibn Battuta (d. 779 AH)
Ibn Battuta (703 -779 AH). Travel writer. He travelled most of the Muslim world and neighbouring states between 725 and 755 AH. He recorded his travels in work Tuhfat al-Nuzzar (Rihlah). Although the historicity of his account is subject to review, it gives a broad overview of the Muslim world at least from his perspective.
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Ibn Kathir (d. 774 AH)
Abu Fida Ismail b. Umar b. Kathir RA (701 - 774 AH). Muhaddith, Mufassir, Historian and Shafii Faqih. His notable works include Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Bidayah wa Nihayah and Ikhtisar fi Ulum al-Hadith.
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Abu Hafs Maraghi (d. 778 AH)
Umar b. Hasan Maraghi Halabi Dimashqi Mizi (679 - 778 AH; age 99).
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Battle of Nicopolis (798 AH)
The Ottomon crushingly defeated the Christian Knight at Nicopolis. This marked the end of the coordinated effort of the Christians to halt the advance of the Ottomons into the Balkans and Central Europe.
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Ibrahim Tanukhi (d. 800)
Ibrahim b. Ahmad Tanukhi (709 - 800 AH)
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Ali b. Abu-l Majid Dimashqi (d. 804 AH)
Abu-l Hasan Ali b. Abu-l Majid Dimashqi (d. 804 AH)
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Battle of Ankara (804 AH)
Timur defeated the Ottomon sultan, Beyazid I. The defeat was catastrophic and led to the Ottoman Interregnum.
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Ibn Furāt Misri (d. 807 AH)
Nasiruddin b. Furāt Misr Hanafi (807 AH). Historian and author of 'Tarikh Ibn Furat'. His son ʿIzzuddin was the musnid of Misr.
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Ibn Khuldun (d. 808 AH)
Abu Zayd Abdur Rahman b. Muhammad b. Khuldun (732 – 808 AH). Historian.
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Battle of Çamurlu (816 AH)
Mehmet I defeats his brother Musa in the Batle Çamurlu. This marked the end of the interregenum and re-established the unity of governance of the Ottoman empire Mehmed I.
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Ibn Jazari (d. 833 AH)
Abu Khayr Shamsuddin b. Muhammad (751 - 833 AH; age 79)
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Taqiuddin Maqrizi (d. 845 AH)
Taqiuddin Ahmad b. Ali Maqrizi (764 - 845 AH). Historian with a focus on Egypt and Fatimid dynasty.
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Izzuddin Misri (d. 851 AH)
ʿIzuddin Abd al-Rahim b. Nāsiruddin Ibn Furat Misri Hanafi (759 - 851 AH). Musnid of Misr.
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Ibn Hajar Asqalani (d. 852 AH)
Ibn Hajar Asqalani (773 - 852 AH). A prominent Muhaddith, historian and shafii judge. His works include Fathul Bari, Nukhbatul Fikr, Tahzib al-Tahzib, and Isabah amongst others.
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Badaruddin Ayni (d. 855 AH)
Badaruddin Mahmud b. Ahmad Ayni (762 – 855 AH). Muhaddith, Hanafi judge and grammarian.
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Constantinople captured (857 AH)
Sultan Muhammad Fatih laid siege on Constantinople (the Byzantine capital) for 53 days. He captured the city. This became the Ottoman capital. It marked the end of the Byzantines and a springboard for the Muslims to advance into Europe.
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Ibn Taghribirdi (d. 874 AH)
Jamaluddin Yusuf b. Amir Taghribirdi (813 – 874 AH). Historian with a focus on Egypt. His works include Nujum Zahirah fi Muluk Misr wa Qahirah.
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Nuruddin Samhudi (d. 911 AH)
Nuruddin Ali b. Abdullah Shafi’i Samhudi (844 – 911 AH). Historian. He wrote a detailed history of Madinah called Wafa al-Wafa bi akhbar Dar al-Mustafa.
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Zakariyyah Ansari (d. 926 AH)
Zaynuddin Zakariyya b. Muhammad Ansari Shafiʿi (823 -926 AH; age 103). Shaykh al-Islam.
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Muhammad b. Yusuf Sālihī (d. 942 AH)
Muhammad b. Yusuf Sālihī (d. 942 AH). Historian. His work Subul al-Huda wa al-Rashād fi Sīrat Khayr al-ʿIbād is considered one of the most comprehensive work on the sīrah of the Prophet.
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Ibrahim Halabi (d. 946 AH)
Burhanuddin Ibrahim b. Muhammad Halabi (c. 867 - 946 AH). Hanafi jurist. Author of the reliable matn Multaqa Abhur.
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Birgawi (d. 981 AH)
Taqī al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Pīr ʿAlī al-Birgawī. 929 - 981 AH (27 March 1522 – 15 March 1573 CE)
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Najmuddin Ghayti (d. 984 AH)
Najmuddin Muhammad b. Ahmad Ghayti Iskandari Misri Shafiʿi (912 - 984 AH).
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Shamsuddin Ramli (d. 1004 AH)
Shamsuddin Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Muhammad Ramali (919 - 1004 AH; age 85)
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Abu Mawahib Shinnawi (d. 1024 AH)
Ahmad b. Abdul Quddus Abu-l Mawahib Shinnawi Misri Madani (975 – 1024 AH)
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Shihabuddin Subki (d. 1032 AH)
Shihabuddin Ahmad b. Khalil Misri (939 – 1032 AH; age 107)
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Nuruddin Halabi (d. 1044 AH)
Nuruddin Ali b. Burhanuddin Halabi Shafii (975 - 1044 AH). Historian. His works in the bokk on sirah called Insān al-ʿUyūn fī Sīrat al-Āmīn al-Māmūn in which he summarised the sirah works of Salihi (D. 942 AH) and Ibn Sayyid al-Nās (d. 734).
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Safiuddin Qushashi (d. 1071 AH)
Safiuddin Ahmad b. Muhammad Maqdisi Madani Qushashi (991 - 1071 AH).
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Mazzahi (d. 1075 AH)
Sultan b Ahmad Mazzahi Misri Shafiʿi (985 - 1075 AH; age 90).
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Ibrahim Kawrani (d. 1101 AH)
Shihabuddin Ibrahim b. Hasan Kurdi Kawranwi Shahrzuri Madani Shafiʿī (1025 - 1101 AH).
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Aurangzeb (d. 1118 AH)
Aurangzeb Muhiuddin Muhammad b. Shah Jahan (1609 – 1118 AH; age 49)
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Abu Tahir Kawrani (d. 1145 AH)
Abu Tahir Muhammad b. Ibrahim b. Hasan Kurdi Kawrani Shahrazuri Madani Shafiʿi (1081 -1145 AH)
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Shah Waliullah Dihlawi (d. 1176 AH)
Shah Waliullah Ahmad b. Abd al-Rahim Umari Dihlawi (1114 - 1176 AH). Musnid al-Hind.
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Shah Abdul Aziz Dihlawi (d. 1239 AH)
Shah Abdul Aziz b. Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dihlawi (1159 -1239 AH; age 78)
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Abdul Aziz Dihlawi (d. 1239 AH)
Shah Abdul Aziz b. Walilullah Dihlawi (1159 - 1239; age 80).
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Battle of Nizib (1252 AH)
Muhammad Ali, the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, defeated the Army of the Ottoman Empire at Nizib (an Area north of Edessa). The parties came to a truce and Muhammad Ali was made governor-general of Egypt and Syria with nominal fielty to the Sublime Porte.
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Ibn Abidin Shami (d. 1252)
Muhammmad Amin Ibn Abidīn Shami (1198-1252)
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Shah Muhammad Ishaq Dihlawi (d. 1262 AH)
Shah Muhammad Ishaq Dihlawi (1197-1262 AH).
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Ahmad Marzuqi (d. 1281 AH)
Ahmad Marzuqi Maliki (1205 – 1281 AH). Shaykhul Qurra’ and Mufti.
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Shah Abdul Ghani b. Abu Sa’id (d. 1296 AH)
Shah Abdul Ghani b. Abu Sa'id (1235 - 1296 AH)
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Muhammad b. Ahmad Mutawalli (d. 1313 AH)
Muhammad b. Ahmad Mutawalli (1248-1313 AH). Qari. Musnid Misr.
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Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1323)
Mufti Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (1244 -1323 AH). One of the founders of Darul Uloom Deoband.
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Balfour Declaration (1336 AH)
In 16 Muh 1336 AH (2 Nov 1917) signed a letter declaring the the support of the establiment of "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine which was under Ottomon control. This will eventually lead to the creation of the state of Israel and the intractable Arab-Israeli conflict.
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Abdullah b. Bashir Khan Makki (d. 1337 AH)
Abdullah b. Bashir Khan Makki (d. 1337 AH). Qari.
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Mahmudul Hasan Deobandi (d. 1339 AH)
Mahmudul Hasan Deobandi. 1268 – 1339 AH (1851 – 1920 CE). Shaykh al-Hind.
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Ottoman Empire abolished (1342 AH)
On 27 Rajab 1342 (3 March 1924) was abolIshed by decree of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.
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Husain Ahmad Madani (d. 1377 AH)
Sayyid Husayn Ahmad Madani. 1296 – 1377 AH (1879 -1957 CE).
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Fakhruddin Muradabadi (d. 1392 AH)
Fakhruddin Muradabadi d. 1392 AH (1889 - 1972; age 83)