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Usamah b. Zayd’s Expedition (11 AH)
Abu Bakr Siddiq RA honours the Prophet's final state order and sends out Usamah b. Zayd RA with the bulk of the elite Muslim army to fight against the Romans as retribution for the Battle of Muta. He does not keep them back to fight the rebellion. The news of the marching army quells many would-be rebels and foreign attacks. They return with success within 40-70 days.
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Battle of Zul Qissa (11 AH)
Abu Bakr Siddiq RA thwarts eminent attacks against Madinah whilst the Army of Usamah RA is away. In one engagement he kills the rebel leader Hibal (the brother of Tulayha) and chases them to Zul Qassah. When Usamah RA he commands him and his army to rest. Then Abu Bakr Siddiq RA personally leads a strike against the rebels closeby Madinah at Abraq. The Madinah border is secured and news of the victory spreads. Abu Bakr RA mobilizes the armies around Arabia to quell the rebellion. #Riddah War
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Battle of Buzakhah (11 AH)
Khalid b. Walid RA defeats the false prophet Tulayhah b. Nawfal of Banu Asad b. Khuzaymah who then flees to Syria. One of the major threat in central Arabia is removed. Tulayhah would later accept Islam. He was martyred in the battle of Nahawand. #Riddah war.
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Battle of Ghamrah (11 AH)
Khalid b. Walid RA pursues the remnant of Tulayhah's force from Buzakha. He catches up to the Banu Fazarah and Banu Asad contingent led by Uyaynah b. Hisn. The rebels are defeated and their leader is captured. He accepts Islam and seeks a pardon. He is pardoned and allowed to retire. #Riddah war
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Battle of Zafar (11 AH)
The remnant of Ghatfan from Tulayhah's defeated force rally behind Umm Ziml the chieftess Umm Ziml Salma bt. Malik. Khalid b. Walid RA meets them at Zafar and defeats them. #Riddah war
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Expedition to Buta (11 AH)
In Butah, The chief of the powerful Banu Yarbu of the Tamim tribe, Malik b. Nuwayrah refused to send zakat to the central treasury despite being the appointed official. He rebelled. When Khalid b. Walid's army arrived, Malik scattered his army but refused the call to prayer by Khalid RA and the sovereignty of Madinah. Malik was imprisoned and was executed by mishap. Abu Bakr Siddiq RA paid blood money to the family. #Riddah war
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Expedition to Oman (11 AH)
Hudayfah b. Mihsan Himyari RA is charged with dealing with the rebellion in Oman. He is assisted by generals Arfjah Bariqi RA and Ikrama RA with their respective forces. There is a heavy fight in Daba where the rebel leader Laqit b. Malid was killed. They are victorious. Huzayfah RA remained in Oman to administer it. Arafajah RA returned to Madinah with the booty. Ikramah RA advanced to Yemen via Mahrah. #Riddah war
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Battle of Yamamah (11 AH)
The Muslims lead by Khalid b. Walid RA meet the false Prophet, Musaylamah Kazzab's forces at Aqrabah in Yamamah. This was the largest of the rebel groups and the biggest threat. Fighting was intense. The battle lasts for two days ending at the garden of death. Musaylamah's army is obliterated and he is killed. Many qurrah (Quran reciters) and senior sahabah were martyred in this battle. This is the most significant battle of the Riddah war.
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Expedition to Bahrayn (11 AH)
In Bahrayn, many of Rabi'ah rebelled except for Abd Qays led by Jarud b. Amr RA. Ala Hadrami RA was tasked with taking charge of the forces in Bahrayn and dealing with the rebellion. He is successful. Later he will launch a campaign from there against Pars across the sea. #Ridda war.
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Expedition to Yemen (11 AH)
After Oman, Ikrama RA marched to Mahrah. He succeeded. Thereafter he assisted the Muslim forces already in defence such as Muhajir b. Abi Umayyah RA, Khalid b. Sai'id b. As RA and Firoz Daylami RA. The rebellion in Yemen was quelled. #Riddah war
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Siege of Ruhayl (11 AH)
The Kinda tribe led by Ash'ath b. Qays revolted in late 11 AH in Hadramawt (Yemen). This was the last of great revolts. The combined forces of the Muslims in Yemen led by Muhajir b. Abi Umayyah RA defeated the rebel at Zafar (the capital of Hadramawt). Thereafter they laid siege to Ruhayl. It fell and the rebellion. This marked the end of the Riddah war.
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Battle of Salasil (12 AH)
Abu Bakr Siddiq ordered Khalid b. Walid to expand into Persia and take Hira. He moved from Yamamah and tactfully met the Persian Army led Hurmuz in Kazima. The heavily armed Persian army was conclusively defeated.
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Battle of Mazar (12 AH)
The Rashidun army led by Khalid b. Walid fresh from the victory of Salasil engages the Persian forces led by Qarin at the river. The Muslims are victorious. This is also known as the Battle of the River and the Battle of Nahr.
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Battle of Walaja (12 AH)
Khalid b. Walid RA leads the Muslim forces against the Andarzaghar's Persian army at Walaja. The Persians were roundly defeated.
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Battle of Ullais (12 AH)
The Muslims under the command of Khalid b. Walid RA advanced upon Persian force led by Jaban at Ullais. The Persians were decisively defeated.
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Battle of Hira (12 AH)
The Rashidun army led by Khalid b. Walid RA advances against the Sassanid along the west bank of the Euphrates from Ullais. He besieged the walled fortified city of Hira which was the capital of lower Mesopotamia. The city surrendered to the Muslims.
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Battle of Dathin (12 AH)
Amr b. As RA heads the Muslims against Byzantine forces led by Sergius. The battle is fought in the village of Dathin (Wadi Arabah) near Gaza. Although small in scale, the battle was significant as it was the first victory of Muslims in Syria.
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Siege of Damascus (13 AH)
Damascus is besieged and liberated by Khalid b. Walid RA and Abu Ubaydah b. Jarrah RA. 17 Jum II - 20 Raj / 21 Aug - 19 Sept.
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Battle of Qadsiyyah (15 AH)
Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas RA defeats the Sassanid Persian army led by Rustam Farukzad. This was a major victory from which the Muslims took control of Iraq. #Persia war
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Uballah captured (16 AH)
The city of Uballah (also known as Apologus) was an important port town to the Sassanid. It is likely that it was first captured in 14 AH and then again in 16 AH after the Persian counter-offensive.
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Madain captured (16 AH)
After two months of siege (Jan-Mar), the Muslims captured the Persian capital, Madain (Ctesiphon), without a fight. This marked the end of Persian control of Mesopotamia.
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Battle of Jalula (16 AH)
Hisham b. Utbah b. Abi Waqqas RA leads the Muslim force and defeats the Sassanid's at Jalula then lays siege to the town. This is a major route for eastward expansion. #Persia war
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Quds captured (16 AH)
After a four-month siege, the people accepted to surrender the city on the condition that Khalifah Umar RA himself comes. Umar RA arrives, signs the treaty and takes control of the city.
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Battle of Jisr Hadid (16 AH)
Battle of the Iron Bridge.
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Siege of Alexandria (19 AH)
Amr b. As RA lays siege and captures the port city of Alexandria. The Byzantine lose control of the Mediterranean.
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Battle of Nahawand (21 AH)
The Persian's combined their forces (120,000 men) and launched a counter-attack in Nahwand. Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas RA led the Muslims and defeated the imperial army. The Sassanids never recovered and battle marked their end. #Persia war
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Battle of Isfahan (21 AH)
Muslim forces defeated the Shahrvaraz Jadhyih's Persian forces in Isfahan.
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Battle of Makran (22 AH)
The Muslims lead by the Sahabi Suhayl b. Adi RA with the support of Usman b. Abil As RA, Hakam b. Amr RA etc defeat the Hindu Kindom of Rai and take control of Makran. Umar b. Khattab RA declares a halt of eastward expansion up to the Indus River.
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Battle of Sufetula (27 AH)
Gregory, the Byzantine exarch of Africa, confronted the Muslim forces led by Abdullah b. Saʿd in Sefetula (Byzacena Province, Africa). The Muslims won and this marked the end of Byzantine domination of Africa. The Berbers abandoned their allegiance to the Byzantines.
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Battle of the Masts (34 AH)
The Muslim navy led by Abu'l Aʿwar engaged the Byzantine Navy led by Emperor Constans II in the Port of Pheonix. This was the first decisive Muslim victory and marked a foothold of the Muslims in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Battle of Biskra (62 AH)
The christian Beber ruler, Kusayla (Caecilius), along with a Byzantine contingent ambush the Muslim forces led by Uqbah b. Nafi'. The Muslims were defeated and lost control of Ifrikiya (modern Tunisia) for awhile.
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Battle of Harra (63 AH)
Umayyad forces led by Muslim b. Uqbah Murri against the locals of Madinah.
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Siege of Makkah (64 AH)
The Umayyad forces lay siege on Makkah. Abdullah b. Zubayr RA leads the defence against the Umayyads. The siege lasts two months month (24 Sept - 26 Nov). In between new reaches that Yazid I has died and Muawiyah II b. Yazid has become khalifah. The Umayyad forces withdraw.
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Battle of Marj Rahit (64 AH)
The Umayyad formed mostly of the Kalb tribes of Syria (Yaman) meet the Zubayrid forces made up of the Qays tribe led by Dahhak b. Qays meet at Marj Rahit. The Umayyad's win and kill Dahhak (the governor of Damascus). Syria is secured by the Umayyads.
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Battle of Mams (68 AH)
Kusayla, the christain Berber leader is defeated and killed by the Muslim forces under Zuhayr b. Qays Balawi at Mams (Kayrawan).
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Battle of Maskin (72 AH)
Abdul Malik b. Marwan b. Marwan heads the Umayyad forces against Abdul b. Zubayr's forces led by Mus'ab b. Zubayr RA. Mus'ab RA is martyred in the battle. As a result, the Umayyad gain control of Iraq and march on to Makkah.
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Siege of Makkah (72 – 73 AH)
Abdul Malik b. Marwan sends Hajjaj b. Yusuf Thaqafi to deal with Abdullah b. Zubayr RA in Makkah. He lays siege to the holy city for six to seven months. Abdullah b. Zubayr RA is martyred. This marks the end of the second civil war.
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Battle of Carthage (74 AH)
The Muslims took Carthage on 71 AH. The The Byzantine forces led by John the Patrician though a surprise naval attack captured Carthage from the Muslims 73 AH. The Muslim forces under Hassan b. Nu'man returned with a large army and took back the territory. This marked the end of Byzantine presence in North Africa.
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Battle of Tabarka (82 AH)
Hasan b. Nu'man led the Muslim forces to victory against the Berber Queen Dihya during the campaign in Numidia. The Berber defeat at the town of Tabarka marked the end of organised Berber resistance.
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Battle of Zab (132 AH)
Saffah defeats the Ummayad Khalifah Marwan II and ends the reign of the Umayyads in the middle east.
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Battle of Talas (134 AH)
Ziyad b. Harith heads the Umayyad army and defeats the Tang Imperial forces led by general Gao Xianzhi. This halts Chinese expansion.
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Abbasid civil war begins (195-198 AH)
Harun Rashid in his will declared Mamun Rashid second in line (to be Khalifah after Amin). Amin counteracts the will and declares his son Musa as heir apparent. Mamun declares wars. The Abbasid civil war begins.
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Battle of Rayy (195 AH)
The forces of Amin and Mamun face each other at the Rayy. Mamun wins the battle and advances upon Baghdad. #Civil War
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Siege of Baghdad (197-198 AH)
Mamun's forces lay siege on Baghdad for a year against. The city eventually falls. The Khalifah Amin Rashid is executed by Mamun. The civil war ends.
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Battle of Dandanaqan
The Seljuq's led by Tugrul defeat the Ghaznawid army near Merv. This marked the dominance of the Seljuks of Khurasan driving out the Ghaznawid.
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Battle of Manzikert (463 AH)
Seljuq Sultan Alp Arsalan decisively defeated and captured Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV at Manzikert. The Byzantine defeat would rattle Europe and would be one of the key catalysts which would lead to the Crusades.
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Siege of Antioch (490-491 AH)
Crusaders besiege Antioch for eight and capture it on Jum I, 491 AH from the Muslims. Bohemond takes charge and establishes the Principality of Antioch.
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Crusaders sack Quds (Jerusalem)
The crusaders siege Quds (Jerusalem) for 9 days and then entered the city on the 15 July 1099 CE. They massacred the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants.
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Second crusade begins (540-5 AH)
When news reaches of the fall of Edessa, Pope Eugene III on 1 Dec 1145 CE calls for a crusade. Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany lead the crusaders. The campaign is a disaster for the christians.
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Battle of Cresson (583 AH)
A muslim contngent led by Muzaffaruddin Gökböri defeated a templar force in 5 Safar 853 syt the Spring of Cresson (Quds). This battle is considered a prelude to the greater Battle of Hattin two months later.
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Battle of Hattin (583 AH)
Sultan Salahuddin Ayyubi RA decisively defeats the crusader army. It was a two-day engagement and the bulk of the crusader forces in the state was destroyed removing their capacity to wage large-scale war. The forts held by the crusader kingdom fell easily thereafter.
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Muslims recapture Quds (583 AH)
Sultan Salahuddin Ayyubi RA recaptures Quds (Jerusalem) after 88 years of occupation by the crusaders. The siege lasted 12 days (20 Sept to 2 Oct).
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Siege of Acre (587 AH)
Acre fell to the Crusader states on Jumada II, 587 AH after a two year siege.
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Battle of Arsuf (587 AH)
The Muslim army led by Sultan Salahuddin Ayyubi attacked the marching crusader army led by Richard I on 16 Shaban 587 AH (1191 CE). The overall significance of the battle is debated. The crusaders repulsed Muslim forces. The well-known crusader James of Avesnes was killed in the battle.
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Mongols sack Baghdad
Baghdad is sacked for 13 days by the Mongol horde led by Halagu Khan. The Khalifah Mu'tasim is killed and the libraries of the city are destroyed. The Abbasid khilafat falls.
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Battle of Nicopolis (798 AH)
The Ottomon crushingly defeated the Christian Knight at Nicopolis. This marked the end of the coordinated effort of the Christians to halt the advance of the Ottomons into the Balkans and Central Europe.
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Battle of Ankara (804 AH)
Timur defeated the Ottomon sultan, Beyazid I. The defeat was catastrophic and led to the Ottoman Interregnum.
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Battle of Çamurlu (816 AH)
Mehmet I defeats his brother Musa in the Batle Çamurlu. This marked the end of the interregenum and re-established the unity of governance of the Ottoman empire Mehmed I.
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Constantinople captured (857 AH)
Sultan Muhammad Fatih laid siege on Constantinople (the Byzantine capital) for 53 days. He captured the city. This became the Ottoman capital. It marked the end of the Byzantines and a springboard for the Muslims to advance into Europe.
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Battle of Nizib (1252 AH)
Muhammad Ali, the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, defeated the Army of the Ottoman Empire at Nizib (an Area north of Edessa). The parties came to a truce and Muhammad Ali was made governor-general of Egypt and Syria with nominal fielty to the Sublime Porte.
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